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Political party funding refers to the set of methods that a political party applies to raise money for campaign and routine activities. This subject is also called political finance. In the US, campaign finance is the more frequently used term. Political parties are funded by contributions from * party members and individual supporters (via membership fees/ dues/ subscriptions and/ or small donations), * organizations, which share their political views (e.g. by trade union affiliation fees) or which stand to benefit from their activities (e.g. by corporate donations) or * taxpayers respectively the general revenue fund (by grants that are called state aid, government or public funding).〔See Heard, Alexander, 'Political financing'. In: Sills, David I. (ed.) ''International Emcyclopedia of the Social Sciences'', vol. 12. New York, NY: Free Press - Macmillan, 1968, pp. 235–241; Paltiel, Khayyam Z., 'Campaign finance - contrasting practices and reforms'. In: Butler, David et al. (eds.), Democracy at the polls - a comparative study of competitive national elections. Washington, DC: AEI, 1981, pp. 138-172; Paltiel, Khayyam Z., 'Political finance'. In: Bogdanor, Vernon (ed.), ''The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Institutions''. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1987, pp. 454–456; 'Party finance', in: Kurian, George T. et al. (eds.) The encyclopedia of political science. vol 4, Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2011, pp. 1187–1189. 〕 Funds for party activity (be it campaigning or routine operations) can be solicited via "grassroots fundraising" as party membership dues or other voluntary contributions from individuals (e.g. direct mail fundraising) or as "plutocratic funding" from wealthy people and/ or the business community as corporate donations. Since the 1960s an additional source of political revenue, public subsidies, is spreading among the democracies.〔Herbert E. Alexander (ed.): ''Comparative Political Finance in the 1980s''. Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 14/15.〕 Despite such multitude of promising options political fundraising via political corruption (e.g. influence peddling, graft, extortion, kickbacks, embezzlement) is still around. == Donations and Subscriptions == Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues. From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding. For example in the United Kingdom and Australia membership of the two main parties in 2006 is less than an 1/8 of what it was in 1950, despite significant increases in population over that period. In some parties, such as the post-communist parties of France and Italy or the Socialist parties in Ireland and the Netherlands as well as the Sinn Féin party, elected representatives (i.e. MPs, MEPs, incumbents) take only the average industrial worker's wage from their salary as a representative, while the rest goes into party coffers. Although these examples may be rare nowadays, "rent-seeking" from incumbents continues to be a feature of many political parties around the world.〔Foresti and Wild 2010. (Support to political parties: a missing piece of the governance puzzle ). London: Overseas Development Institute〕 In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in the legislative process. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the "Cash for Peerages" scandal. Such activities as well as assumed "influence peddling" have given rise to demands that the scale of donations should be capped. As the costs of electioneering escalate, so the demands made on party funds increase. In the UK some politicians are advocating that parties should be funded by the state; a proposition that promised to give rise to interesting debate in a country that was the first to regulate campaign expenses (in 1883). However, no legislative action has followed the proposal. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Political party funding」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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